The UEFA Champions League (usually referred to as simply the Champions League or historically as the European Cup) is an annual association football cup competition organised by UEFA since 1955 for the top football clubs in Europe. The final of the competition is the most watched annual sporting event worldwide, drawing just over 100 million television viewers.[1]
Prior to 1992 the tournament was officially called the European Champion Clubs' Cup but was usually referred to as simply the European Cup or European Champions' Cup. The competition was initially a straight knockout competition open only to the champion club of each country. During the 1990s the tournament began to be expanded, incorporating a round-robin group phase and more teams. Europe's strongest national leagues now provide up to four teams each for the competition. The UEFA Champions League should not be confused with the UEFA Europa League, formerly known as the UEFA Cup.
The tournament consists of several stages. In the present format it begins in mid-July with three knockout qualifying rounds and a play-off round. The 10 surviving teams join 22 seeded teams in the group stage, in which there are eight groups consisting of four teams each. The eight group winners and eight runners-up enter the final knockout phase, which ends with the final match in May. Since the tournament changed name and structure in 1992, no club has managed consecutive wins, with Milan being the last club to successfully defend their title, in 1990. The winner of the UEFA Champions League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.
The title has been won by 21 different clubs, 12 of which have won the title more than once. The all-time record-holders are Real Madrid, who have won the competition nine times, including the first five seasons it was contested. Spain's La Liga and Italy's Serie A are marginally the most successful leagues, having amassed 12 wins, between two and three clubs respectively. The English league has produced 11 winners from four clubs. English teams were banned from the competition for five years following the events at Heysel in 1985.[2] Internazionale are the current champions, having beaten Bayern Munich 2–0 in the 2010 final.
The tournament was inaugurated in 1955, at the suggestion of the French sports journalist and editor of L'Équipe Gabriel Hanot,[3] who conceived the idea after receiving reports from his journalists over the highly successful Campeonato Sudamericano de Campeones of 1948.[4] As a reaction to a declaration by the British press on the part of Wolverhampton Wanderers being "Champions of the World" after a successful run of European friendlies in the 1950s, Hanot finally managed to convince UEFA to put into practice a continent-wide tournament. The tournament was conceived as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues, as the European Champion Clubs' Cup, abbreviated to European Cup.
The competition began as the 1955–56 using a two-leg knockout format where the teams would play two matches, one at home and one away, and the team with the highest overall score qualifying for the next round of the competition. Until 1997, entry was restricted to the teams that won their national league championships, plus the current European Cup holder. In the 1992–93 season, the format was changed to include a group stage and the tournament was renamed the UEFA Champions League. There have since been numerous changes to eligibility for the competition, the number of qualifying rounds and the group structure. In 1997–98, eligibility was expanded to include the runners-up from some countries according to UEFA's coefficient ranking list. The qualification system has been restructured so that national champions from lower ranked countries have to take part in one or more qualifying rounds before the group stages, while runners-up from higher ranked countries enter in later rounds. Up to four clubs from the top-ranked countries are currently given entry to the competition.
Between 1960 and 2004, the winner of the tournament qualified for the now defunct Intercontinental Cup against the winner of the Copa Libertadores of South America. Since then, the winner automatically qualifies for the FIFA-organised Club World Cup with other winners of continental club championships.
[edit]Anthem
Main article: UEFA Champions League Anthem
The UEFA Champions League anthem, officially titled simply as "Champions League", is an adaptation by Tony Britten of George Frideric Handel's Zadok the Priest from the Coronation Anthems. UEFA commissioned Britten in 1992 to arrange their anthem, and the piece was performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and sung by the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields chorus in the three official languages used by UEFA: English, German, and French. The anthem's chorus is played before each UEFA Champions League game, as well as at the beginning and end of television broadcasts of the matches. The complete anthem is about three minutes long, and has two short verses and the chorus. The anthem has never been released commercially in its original version.
[edit]Format
[edit]Qualification
See also: UEFA coefficients
Map of UEFA countries whose teams reached the group stage of the UEFA Champions League
UEFA member country that has been represented in the group stage
UEFA member country that has not been represented in the group stage
Not a UEFA member
As of 2009, the UEFA Champions League commences with a round-robin group stage of 32 teams, which is preceded by two qualification 'streams' for teams that do not receive direct entry to the tournament proper. The two streams are divided between teams qualified by virtue of being league champions, and those qualified by virtue of finishing 2nd-4th in their national championship.
The number of teams that each association enters into the UEFA Champions League is based upon the UEFA coefficients of the member associations. These coefficients are generated by the results of clubs representing each association during the previous five Champions League and UEFA Europa League/UEFA Cup seasons. The higher an association's coefficient, the more teams represent the association in the Champions League, and the fewer qualification rounds the association's teams must compete in.
5 of the remaining ten qualifying places are granted to the winners of a four round qualifying tournament between the remaining 39 or 38 national champions, within which those champions from associations with higher coefficients receive byes to later rounds. The other 5 are granted to the winners of a two round qualifying tournament between the 15 clubs from the associations ranked 1-15, which have qualified based upon finishing 2nd-4th in their national league.
In addition to sporting criteria, any club must be licensed by its national association to participate in the Champions league. To obtain a license, club must meet certain stadium, infrastructure and finance requirements.
In 2005-06, Liverpool and Artmedia Bratislava became the first teams to reach the Champions League group stage after playing in all three qualifying rounds. In 2008-09, both BATE and Anorthosis Famagusta achieved the same feat. Barcelona, Manchester United, and Porto are the teams that have appeared most often in the group stage: fourteen times each. FC Porto have only won the tournament once since the establishment of the group stage (2004), Manchester United twice (1999 and 2008) and Barcelona 3 times (1992, 2006 and 2009).
Between 2003 and 2008, no differentiation was made between champions and non-champions in qualification. The sixteen top ranked teams spread across the biggest domestic leagues qualified directly for the tournament group stage. Prior to this, three preliminary knockout qualifying rounds whittled down the remaining teams, with different teams starting in different rounds.
[edit]Tournament
The tournament proper begins with a group stage of 32 teams, divided into 8 groups. Seeding is used whilst making the draw for this stage, whilst teams from the same country may not be drawn into groups together. Each team meets the others in its group home and away in a round-robin format. The top two teams from each group progress to the round of 16, which commences the knock-out tournament. The third team enters the UEFA Europa League.
For this stage, one group's winners play against another group's runners-up, and teams from the same country may not be drawn against each other. From the quarter-finals onwards, the draw is entirely random, with country protection no longer in force.
The group stage is played through the autumn, whilst the knock-out stage starts after a winter break. The knock-out ties are played in a two-legged format, with the exception of the final. This is typically held in the final two weeks of May.
[edit]Referee
[edit]Ranking
The UEFA Refereeing Unit is broken down into five experience based categories in which a referee is ranked; (from highest to lowest rank) Elite Category, Premier Category, Category 2, Category 3, and Category 4. Upon certification, an international referee is placed into Category 4 with the exception of referees from France, Germany, England, Italy, or Spain. Referees from these five football giants are comfortable with top professional matches and are therefore directly placed into Category 3. Every match a referee’s performance is observed and evaluated and twice per season his or her Category may be revised. A referee cannot be promoted directly from a Category 3 to the Elite Category.[5]
[edit]Appointing
In cooperation with the UEFA Refereeing Unit, the UEFA Referee Committee is responsible for appointing referees to matches. Referees are appointed based on previous matches, marks, performances, and fitness levels. To discourage bias, the Champions League takes nationality into account. No referee may be of the same origins as any club in his or her respecting groups. Referee appointments, suggested by the UEFA Refereeing Unit, are sent to the UEFA Referee Committee to be discussed and/or revised. After a consensus is made, the name of the appointed referee remains confidential up to two days before the match for the purpose of minimizing public influence.[5]
[edit]Limitations
Since 1990, a UEFA international referee cannot exceed the age of 45 years. After turning 45, a referee must step down at the end of his/her season. The age limit was established to ensure an elite level of fitness. Today UEFA Champion’s League referees are required to pass a fitness test to even be considered at the international level.[5]
[edit]Prize money
As of 2010–11, UEFA awards €2.1 million to each team in the play-offs round. For reaching the group stage UEFA awards €3.9 million, plus €0.55 million per group match played. A win in the group is awarded €0.8 million and a draw is worth €0.4 million.
In addition, UEFA pay teams reaching the first knockout round €3.0 million, each quarter finalist €3.3 million, €4.2 million for each semi-finalist, €5.2 million for the runners-up and €9 million for the winners.[6]
A large part of the distributed revenue from the UEFA Champions League is linked to the "market pool", the distribution of which is determined by the value of the television market in each country. For the 2008-09 season, both Manchester United and Bayern Munich, who reached the final and quarter-final respectively, earned more than Barcelona, who won the tournament.[7]
[edit]Sponsorship
Like the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League is sponsored by a group of multinational corporations, in contrast to the single main sponsor of the Barclays Premier League, the Ligue 1 or Serie A TIM. When the Champions League was created in 1992, it was decided that a maximum of eight companies should be allowed to sponsor the event, with each corporation being allocated four advertising boards around the perimeter of the pitch, as well as logo placement at pre- and post-match interviews and a certain number of tickets to each match. This, combined with a deal to ensure tournament sponsors were given priority on television advertisements during matches, ensured that each of the tournament's main sponsors was given maximum exposure.[8]
The advertising boards are a source of criticism, due to their larger size compared to those in other leagues such as the Premier League. Their larger size means that, at some grounds, such as Celtic Park, Old Trafford, Anfield and Stamford Bridge, the front rows of seating cannot be used as their views of the pitch are blocked by the extreme size of the boards; accordingly, some season ticket holders are not guaranteed tickets for games and have to sit in seats other than their usual ones for games. Additionally, some stadia use the flat area in front of the front rows of seating for wheelchairs and disabled seating, so the boards drastically reduce these grounds' disabled supporter capacity.
The Champions League logo is shown on the centre of the pitch before every game in the competition
The tournament's current main sponsors are:
Ford
Heineken (excluding Norway, Spain, France, Switzerland and Russia, where alcohol sponsorship is restricted. In Norway the Heineken adboard is replaced by a chalk art picture adboard, In Spain, France, and Switzerland the Heineken adboard is replaced by a "open your world" adboard and in Russia the Heineken adboard is replaced by a "No To Racism" adboard)
MasterCard
Sony Europe[9]
BRAVIA is the brand advertised.
Sony Computer Entertainment Europe[10]
PlayStation is the brand advertised.
UniCredit[11]
Adidas is a secondary sponsor and supplies the official match ball, as they do for all other UEFA competitions. Konami's Pro Evolution Soccer is also a secondary sponsor as the official Champions League video game.
Individual clubs may wear jerseys with advertising, even if such sponsors conflict with those of the Champions League. However, only one sponsorship is permitted per jersey (plus that of the manufacturer), and if clubs play a match in a country where the relevant sponsorship category is restricted (such as the case of France, alcohol, and betting), then they must remove that logo from their jerseys.
[edit]Alcohol and betting websites sponsorship
Teams may be forced to remove alcohol or betting sponsorship logos from their kits if they travel to a country with sponsorship restrictions.
For example, when Liverpool played away to Lyon, Liverpool was forced to remove Carlsberg from their kits, as France, including state sponsors, restrict such sponsorships. Other cases occurred in Switzerland; when Milan and Real Madrid played away at Zürich, both teams were forced to remove bwin.com from their kits. There are similar restrictions in Norway and The Netherlands[citation needed].
[edit]Media coverage
Main article: List of UEFA Champions League broadcasters
The competition attracts an extensive television audience, not just in Europe, but throughout the world. The matches are broadcast in over 70 countries with commentaries in more than 40 languages[citation needed] each year. With an estimated audience of 109 million people, the 2009 Champions League final surpassed that year's Super Bowl (106 million viewers) for the first time as the most-watched annual single sport event in the world.[12]
[edit]Records and statistics
Main article: European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics
[edit]By club
Club Won Runner-up Years won Years runner-up
Real Madrid 9 3 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002 1962, 1964, 1981
Milan 7 4 1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007 1958, 1993, 1995, 2005
Liverpool 5 2 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005 1985, 2007
Bayern Munich 4 4 1974, 1975, 1976, 2001 1982, 1987, 1999, 2010
Ajax 4 2 1971, 1972, 1973, 1995 1969, 1996
Barcelona 3 3 1992, 2006, 2009 1961, 1986, 1994
Internazionale 3 2 1964, 1965, 2010 1967, 1972
Manchester United 3 1 1968, 1999, 2008 2009
Benfica 2 5 1961, 1962 1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990
Juventus 2 5 1985, 1996 1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003
Nottingham Forest 2 0 1979, 1980
Porto 2 0 1987, 2004
Celtic 1 1 1967 1970
Hamburg 1 1 1983 1980
Steaua Bucureşti 1 1 1986 1989
Marseille 1 1 1993 1991
Feyenoord 1 0 1970
Aston Villa 1 0 1982
PSV Eindhoven 1 0 1988
Red Star Belgrade 1 0 1991
Borussia Dortmund 1 0 1997
Stade Reims 0 2 1956, 1959
Valencia 0 2 2000, 2001
Fiorentina 0 1 1957
Eintracht Frankfurt 0 1 1960
Partizan 0 1 1966
Panathinaikos 0 1 1971
Atlético Madrid 0 1 1974
Leeds United 0 1 1975
Saint-Étienne 0 1 1976
Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 1 1977
Club Brugge 0 1 1978
Malmö FF 0 1 1979
Roma 0 1 1984
Sampdoria 0 1 1992
Bayer Leverkusen 0 1 2002
Monaco 0 1 2004
Arsenal 0 1 2006
Chelsea 0 1 2008
Prior to 1992 the tournament was officially called the European Champion Clubs' Cup but was usually referred to as simply the European Cup or European Champions' Cup. The competition was initially a straight knockout competition open only to the champion club of each country. During the 1990s the tournament began to be expanded, incorporating a round-robin group phase and more teams. Europe's strongest national leagues now provide up to four teams each for the competition. The UEFA Champions League should not be confused with the UEFA Europa League, formerly known as the UEFA Cup.
The tournament consists of several stages. In the present format it begins in mid-July with three knockout qualifying rounds and a play-off round. The 10 surviving teams join 22 seeded teams in the group stage, in which there are eight groups consisting of four teams each. The eight group winners and eight runners-up enter the final knockout phase, which ends with the final match in May. Since the tournament changed name and structure in 1992, no club has managed consecutive wins, with Milan being the last club to successfully defend their title, in 1990. The winner of the UEFA Champions League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.
The title has been won by 21 different clubs, 12 of which have won the title more than once. The all-time record-holders are Real Madrid, who have won the competition nine times, including the first five seasons it was contested. Spain's La Liga and Italy's Serie A are marginally the most successful leagues, having amassed 12 wins, between two and three clubs respectively. The English league has produced 11 winners from four clubs. English teams were banned from the competition for five years following the events at Heysel in 1985.[2] Internazionale are the current champions, having beaten Bayern Munich 2–0 in the 2010 final.The tournament was inaugurated in 1955, at the suggestion of the French sports journalist and editor of L'Équipe Gabriel Hanot,[3] who conceived the idea after receiving reports from his journalists over the highly successful Campeonato Sudamericano de Campeones of 1948.[4] As a reaction to a declaration by the British press on the part of Wolverhampton Wanderers being "Champions of the World" after a successful run of European friendlies in the 1950s, Hanot finally managed to convince UEFA to put into practice a continent-wide tournament. The tournament was conceived as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues, as the European Champion Clubs' Cup, abbreviated to European Cup.
The competition began as the 1955–56 using a two-leg knockout format where the teams would play two matches, one at home and one away, and the team with the highest overall score qualifying for the next round of the competition. Until 1997, entry was restricted to the teams that won their national league championships, plus the current European Cup holder. In the 1992–93 season, the format was changed to include a group stage and the tournament was renamed the UEFA Champions League. There have since been numerous changes to eligibility for the competition, the number of qualifying rounds and the group structure. In 1997–98, eligibility was expanded to include the runners-up from some countries according to UEFA's coefficient ranking list. The qualification system has been restructured so that national champions from lower ranked countries have to take part in one or more qualifying rounds before the group stages, while runners-up from higher ranked countries enter in later rounds. Up to four clubs from the top-ranked countries are currently given entry to the competition.
Between 1960 and 2004, the winner of the tournament qualified for the now defunct Intercontinental Cup against the winner of the Copa Libertadores of South America. Since then, the winner automatically qualifies for the FIFA-organised Club World Cup with other winners of continental club championships.
[edit]Anthem
Main article: UEFA Champions League Anthem
The UEFA Champions League anthem, officially titled simply as "Champions League", is an adaptation by Tony Britten of George Frideric Handel's Zadok the Priest from the Coronation Anthems. UEFA commissioned Britten in 1992 to arrange their anthem, and the piece was performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and sung by the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields chorus in the three official languages used by UEFA: English, German, and French. The anthem's chorus is played before each UEFA Champions League game, as well as at the beginning and end of television broadcasts of the matches. The complete anthem is about three minutes long, and has two short verses and the chorus. The anthem has never been released commercially in its original version.
[edit]Format
[edit]Qualification
See also: UEFA coefficients
Map of UEFA countries whose teams reached the group stage of the UEFA Champions League
UEFA member country that has been represented in the group stage
UEFA member country that has not been represented in the group stage
Not a UEFA member
As of 2009, the UEFA Champions League commences with a round-robin group stage of 32 teams, which is preceded by two qualification 'streams' for teams that do not receive direct entry to the tournament proper. The two streams are divided between teams qualified by virtue of being league champions, and those qualified by virtue of finishing 2nd-4th in their national championship.
The number of teams that each association enters into the UEFA Champions League is based upon the UEFA coefficients of the member associations. These coefficients are generated by the results of clubs representing each association during the previous five Champions League and UEFA Europa League/UEFA Cup seasons. The higher an association's coefficient, the more teams represent the association in the Champions League, and the fewer qualification rounds the association's teams must compete in.
5 of the remaining ten qualifying places are granted to the winners of a four round qualifying tournament between the remaining 39 or 38 national champions, within which those champions from associations with higher coefficients receive byes to later rounds. The other 5 are granted to the winners of a two round qualifying tournament between the 15 clubs from the associations ranked 1-15, which have qualified based upon finishing 2nd-4th in their national league.
In addition to sporting criteria, any club must be licensed by its national association to participate in the Champions league. To obtain a license, club must meet certain stadium, infrastructure and finance requirements.
In 2005-06, Liverpool and Artmedia Bratislava became the first teams to reach the Champions League group stage after playing in all three qualifying rounds. In 2008-09, both BATE and Anorthosis Famagusta achieved the same feat. Barcelona, Manchester United, and Porto are the teams that have appeared most often in the group stage: fourteen times each. FC Porto have only won the tournament once since the establishment of the group stage (2004), Manchester United twice (1999 and 2008) and Barcelona 3 times (1992, 2006 and 2009).
Between 2003 and 2008, no differentiation was made between champions and non-champions in qualification. The sixteen top ranked teams spread across the biggest domestic leagues qualified directly for the tournament group stage. Prior to this, three preliminary knockout qualifying rounds whittled down the remaining teams, with different teams starting in different rounds.
[edit]Tournament
The tournament proper begins with a group stage of 32 teams, divided into 8 groups. Seeding is used whilst making the draw for this stage, whilst teams from the same country may not be drawn into groups together. Each team meets the others in its group home and away in a round-robin format. The top two teams from each group progress to the round of 16, which commences the knock-out tournament. The third team enters the UEFA Europa League.
For this stage, one group's winners play against another group's runners-up, and teams from the same country may not be drawn against each other. From the quarter-finals onwards, the draw is entirely random, with country protection no longer in force.
The group stage is played through the autumn, whilst the knock-out stage starts after a winter break. The knock-out ties are played in a two-legged format, with the exception of the final. This is typically held in the final two weeks of May.
[edit]Referee
[edit]Ranking
The UEFA Refereeing Unit is broken down into five experience based categories in which a referee is ranked; (from highest to lowest rank) Elite Category, Premier Category, Category 2, Category 3, and Category 4. Upon certification, an international referee is placed into Category 4 with the exception of referees from France, Germany, England, Italy, or Spain. Referees from these five football giants are comfortable with top professional matches and are therefore directly placed into Category 3. Every match a referee’s performance is observed and evaluated and twice per season his or her Category may be revised. A referee cannot be promoted directly from a Category 3 to the Elite Category.[5]
[edit]Appointing
In cooperation with the UEFA Refereeing Unit, the UEFA Referee Committee is responsible for appointing referees to matches. Referees are appointed based on previous matches, marks, performances, and fitness levels. To discourage bias, the Champions League takes nationality into account. No referee may be of the same origins as any club in his or her respecting groups. Referee appointments, suggested by the UEFA Refereeing Unit, are sent to the UEFA Referee Committee to be discussed and/or revised. After a consensus is made, the name of the appointed referee remains confidential up to two days before the match for the purpose of minimizing public influence.[5]
[edit]Limitations
Since 1990, a UEFA international referee cannot exceed the age of 45 years. After turning 45, a referee must step down at the end of his/her season. The age limit was established to ensure an elite level of fitness. Today UEFA Champion’s League referees are required to pass a fitness test to even be considered at the international level.[5]
[edit]Prize money
As of 2010–11, UEFA awards €2.1 million to each team in the play-offs round. For reaching the group stage UEFA awards €3.9 million, plus €0.55 million per group match played. A win in the group is awarded €0.8 million and a draw is worth €0.4 million.
In addition, UEFA pay teams reaching the first knockout round €3.0 million, each quarter finalist €3.3 million, €4.2 million for each semi-finalist, €5.2 million for the runners-up and €9 million for the winners.[6]
A large part of the distributed revenue from the UEFA Champions League is linked to the "market pool", the distribution of which is determined by the value of the television market in each country. For the 2008-09 season, both Manchester United and Bayern Munich, who reached the final and quarter-final respectively, earned more than Barcelona, who won the tournament.[7]
[edit]Sponsorship
Like the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League is sponsored by a group of multinational corporations, in contrast to the single main sponsor of the Barclays Premier League, the Ligue 1 or Serie A TIM. When the Champions League was created in 1992, it was decided that a maximum of eight companies should be allowed to sponsor the event, with each corporation being allocated four advertising boards around the perimeter of the pitch, as well as logo placement at pre- and post-match interviews and a certain number of tickets to each match. This, combined with a deal to ensure tournament sponsors were given priority on television advertisements during matches, ensured that each of the tournament's main sponsors was given maximum exposure.[8]
The advertising boards are a source of criticism, due to their larger size compared to those in other leagues such as the Premier League. Their larger size means that, at some grounds, such as Celtic Park, Old Trafford, Anfield and Stamford Bridge, the front rows of seating cannot be used as their views of the pitch are blocked by the extreme size of the boards; accordingly, some season ticket holders are not guaranteed tickets for games and have to sit in seats other than their usual ones for games. Additionally, some stadia use the flat area in front of the front rows of seating for wheelchairs and disabled seating, so the boards drastically reduce these grounds' disabled supporter capacity.
The Champions League logo is shown on the centre of the pitch before every game in the competition
The tournament's current main sponsors are:
Ford
Heineken (excluding Norway, Spain, France, Switzerland and Russia, where alcohol sponsorship is restricted. In Norway the Heineken adboard is replaced by a chalk art picture adboard, In Spain, France, and Switzerland the Heineken adboard is replaced by a "open your world" adboard and in Russia the Heineken adboard is replaced by a "No To Racism" adboard)
MasterCard
Sony Europe[9]
BRAVIA is the brand advertised.
Sony Computer Entertainment Europe[10]
PlayStation is the brand advertised.
UniCredit[11]
Adidas is a secondary sponsor and supplies the official match ball, as they do for all other UEFA competitions. Konami's Pro Evolution Soccer is also a secondary sponsor as the official Champions League video game.
Individual clubs may wear jerseys with advertising, even if such sponsors conflict with those of the Champions League. However, only one sponsorship is permitted per jersey (plus that of the manufacturer), and if clubs play a match in a country where the relevant sponsorship category is restricted (such as the case of France, alcohol, and betting), then they must remove that logo from their jerseys.
[edit]Alcohol and betting websites sponsorship
Teams may be forced to remove alcohol or betting sponsorship logos from their kits if they travel to a country with sponsorship restrictions.
For example, when Liverpool played away to Lyon, Liverpool was forced to remove Carlsberg from their kits, as France, including state sponsors, restrict such sponsorships. Other cases occurred in Switzerland; when Milan and Real Madrid played away at Zürich, both teams were forced to remove bwin.com from their kits. There are similar restrictions in Norway and The Netherlands[citation needed].
[edit]Media coverage
Main article: List of UEFA Champions League broadcasters
The competition attracts an extensive television audience, not just in Europe, but throughout the world. The matches are broadcast in over 70 countries with commentaries in more than 40 languages[citation needed] each year. With an estimated audience of 109 million people, the 2009 Champions League final surpassed that year's Super Bowl (106 million viewers) for the first time as the most-watched annual single sport event in the world.[12]
[edit]Records and statistics
Main article: European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics
[edit]By club
Club Won Runner-up Years won Years runner-up
Real Madrid 9 3 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002 1962, 1964, 1981
Milan 7 4 1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007 1958, 1993, 1995, 2005
Liverpool 5 2 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005 1985, 2007
Bayern Munich 4 4 1974, 1975, 1976, 2001 1982, 1987, 1999, 2010
Ajax 4 2 1971, 1972, 1973, 1995 1969, 1996
Barcelona 3 3 1992, 2006, 2009 1961, 1986, 1994
Internazionale 3 2 1964, 1965, 2010 1967, 1972
Manchester United 3 1 1968, 1999, 2008 2009
Benfica 2 5 1961, 1962 1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990
Juventus 2 5 1985, 1996 1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003
Nottingham Forest 2 0 1979, 1980
Porto 2 0 1987, 2004
Celtic 1 1 1967 1970
Hamburg 1 1 1983 1980
Steaua Bucureşti 1 1 1986 1989
Marseille 1 1 1993 1991
Feyenoord 1 0 1970
Aston Villa 1 0 1982
PSV Eindhoven 1 0 1988
Red Star Belgrade 1 0 1991
Borussia Dortmund 1 0 1997
Stade Reims 0 2 1956, 1959
Valencia 0 2 2000, 2001
Fiorentina 0 1 1957
Eintracht Frankfurt 0 1 1960
Partizan 0 1 1966
Panathinaikos 0 1 1971
Atlético Madrid 0 1 1974
Leeds United 0 1 1975
Saint-Étienne 0 1 1976
Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 1 1977
Club Brugge 0 1 1978
Malmö FF 0 1 1979
Roma 0 1 1984
Sampdoria 0 1 1992
Bayer Leverkusen 0 1 2002
Monaco 0 1 2004
Arsenal 0 1 2006
Chelsea 0 1 2008
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